The process is not easy, and although there are alternatives to old refrigerants, the new ones are usually not flawless. Table a16 properties of the atmosphere at high altitude table a17 idealgas properties of air table a18 idealgas properties of nitrogen, n 2 table a19 idealgas properties of oxygen, o 2 table a20 idealgas properties of carbon dioxide, co 2 table a21 idealgas properties of carbon monoxide, co table a22 idealgas. Hfc refrigerants are not miscible with the mineral oils used in cfc refrigeration systems. The significant new alternatives policy snap program has approved a number of acceptable alternative refrigerants for motor vehicle air conditioners mvacs, subject to use conditions. Flammable refrigerants the explosion limits of flammable refrigerant gases are related to the following factors. Primary refrigerants change states to absorb heat from surrounding areas or substances. Commonly used refrigerants are in the family of chlorinated fluorocarbons cfcs, also called freons. From a first law standpoint, the cop of r4a always performs better than r410a and r407c unless only the evaporator is being fouled. Synthetic and organic refrigerants are classified under two main categories, primary and secondary. The result was the replacement of hcfc halogenated chlorofluorocarbon, r22 refrigerants with hfc hydrofluorocarbon, e.
This section presents data for the thermodynamic and transport properties of refrigerants, arranged for the occasional users. Most automotive air conditioning systems except in australia and possibly other countries use r4a as a refrigerant. New tables of the thermodynamic properties of dupont. A general definition of refrigerant isfluid used in refrigeration system for transferring heat 3. Refrigerants for commercial refrigeration applications. Dupont formacel z4 reading a pdf file on nook color foam expansion. R4a refrigerants which have an odp of zero or close to zero.
The significant downside of hfc refrigerants is their high global warming potential since they belong to the category of greenhouse gases. Refrigerant is the fluid used for heat transfer in a refrigerating system that absorbs heat. Thermophysical properties of refrigerants t his chapter presents data for thermodynamic and transport properties of refrigerants, arra nged for the occasional user. However, hfcs still dominate the market outright and natural refrigerants, despite their superior properties, still. Rev pages chapter 9 refrigerants, refrigeration cycles, and. This unit is intended to serve as an introductory guide to the study of refrigerants. As for example, we cannot allow a toxic refrigerant to be used for air conditioning in residential buildings. After studying this unit, you should be able to learn the different classifications of refrigerants, naming convention for refrigerants, properties of individual refrigerants, and. It was soon evident, though, that the lack of chlorine and that the new ester oils did not have the same good lubrication properties as mineral oil and cfc refrigerants. The hydrofluorocarbons are refrigerants that contain no chlorine and are not harmful to the ozone layer odp 0, see section 5. Without being pressureregulated, primary refrigerants absorb all available heat.
Ashrae position document on refrigerants and their. Mixtures of r12 vapor and air, in all proportions, will not. List important thermodynamic and environmental properties influencing refrigerant selection. They absorb heat from one area, such as an airconditioned space, and reject it into another, such as outdoors, usually through evaporation and condensation.
It is important for both consumers and technicians to be aware of these alternative refrigerants, their properties, and proper servicing procedures. Refrigerant properties motor vehicle air conditioning mvac. The first type of blends incorporate the following refrigerants. Refrigerants are divided into groups according to their chemical composition. These physical properties of refrigerants help us select the proper refrigerant for the application as per our requirement. Table 2 shows how the properties of the refrigerant, now called r12, compares with the properties of methyl chloride r40, ammonia. Key properties of the main refrigerants are given in table 3. Mixtures of r12 vapor and air, in all proportions, will not irritate your eyes, nose, throat, or lungs. Study on environmental and health effects of hfo refrigerants.
New refrigerants were developed in the early 21st century that are safer for the environment, but their application has been held up due to concerns over toxicity and flammability. This article describes thermodynamic properties of the refrigerants the ideal refrigerant. A comparison between refrigerants used in air conditioning. Whenever we choose them for particular use properties of refrigerants also plays a vital role in economic and environmental friendly application. Without being pressureregulated, primary refrigerants absorb all available heat from perishable goods until theyre frozen solid. Ebook refrigerant tables and charts as pdf download portable. Feta has compiled a guidance note to give an overview of these products, their properties and their safe usage in practice. As a result of the continued refurbishment of older installations, the importance of these refrigerants is clearly on the decline. Examples of secondary refrigerants include water, air, hydrocarbons, ammonia and carbon dioxide, which are more environmentally benign than traditional refrigerants such as hcfcs. These properties pressure, temperature, volume, density, enthalpy, flammability, the opportunity to mix with vegetable oil, moisture reaction, smell, toxicity, leakage trend, and leak detection. Properties of refrigerants n low boiling point and high latent heat of vaporization n dense vapor n low toxicity n non flammable n low miscibility with oil.
The following is a list of refrigerants with their typeprefix, ashrae designated numbers, iupac chemical name, molecular formula, cas registry number blend name, atmospheric lifetime in years, semiempirical ozone depletion potential, net global warming potential over a 100year time horizon, occupational exposure limitpermissible exposure. Isobutane r600a and propane r290, r4a, r404a secop. A numerical value assigned to refrigerants to compare the destructive potential each refrigerant poses to the ozone layer compared to r11, which has an odp of 1. Table a1 molar mass, gas constant, and criticalpoint properties table a2 idealgas specific heats of various common gases table a3 properties of common liquids, solids, and foods table a4 saturated watertemperature table table a5 saturated waterpressure table table a6 superheated water table a7 compressed liquid water table a8 saturated icewater vapor. In the search for alternative refrigerants which can replace the fully halogenated cfcs, the knowledge of their thermodynamic properties is of great importance. Environmental consciousness refrigerant options now and in the future. The flood of the airconditioner, that is, the refrigerants, their properties, merits and demerits are summarized to map the various types and their classifications. The standard industry number designation for each refrigerant is the signed byashrae 6. As shown experimentally, hydrocarbons with a cc single bond are. Data for the thermodynamic properties of a fluid are required to determine its suitability as a refrigerant and for the purpose of equipment design. Refrigerant properties motor vehicle air conditioning. After studying this unit, you should be able to learn the different classifications of refrigerants, naming convention for refrigerants, properties of. The standard industry number designation for each refrigerant is the signed by.
Refrigerants thermodynamic, physical, chemical, safety related and environmental properties have been presented and discussed in the first part of the paper. New refrigerants research into their thermodynamic property. Many working fluids have been used for such purposes. Refrigerants and their application presented by thomas e. Environmental consciousness refrigerant options now and in. Desirable properties of refrigerants chemical engineering site. Duponttm refrigerants, technical information keywords. Desirable properties of refrigerants used in refrigeration applications like physical, chemical, environmental properties including economic. There are some refrigerants which are highly inflammable and so their. The paper on refrigerants has been divided in two parts.
More information about refrig erants applied in specific applications can be found in the relevant chapters. Refrigerants absorbs heatby evaporating from a liquid to a vapor 4. Fluorocarbons, especially chlorofluorocarbons, became commonplace in the 20th century, but they are being phased out because of their ozone depletion effects. Because of the similarities between r22, r11, and r12, only r12 is discussed. Ashrae position document on refrigerants and their responsible use 2 executive summary refrigerants are the working fluids in refrigeration, airconditioning, and heatpumping systems. Comparison of environmental impacts and physical properties of refrigerants ko matsunaga executive summary even before the invention of refrigeration, people wanted to improve their life by using ice to provide cold drinks and preserve food. Theoretical and experimental study of explosion limits and. A refrigerant is a substance or mixture, usually a fluid, used in a heat pump and refrigeration cycle. Sep 17, 2014 color codes of refrigerants easy recognize gas cylinder different refrigerant has different color coding few examples are given below. Color codes of refrigerants easy recognize gas cylinder different refrigerant has different color coding few examples are given below. The choice of fluid is determined largely by the cooling temperature required. The refrigerants have a thermodynamic property chart on pressureenthalpy coordinates with an abbreviated set of tabular data for saturated liquid and vapor on the faci ng page. However, their impact on global warming is very large compared with traditional refrigerants.
In the last two centuries, human ingenuity made it possible to control fully. A familiarity with these diagrams will make this chapter easier. Here are some of the desirable properties of refrigerant explained in detail. The refrigerant in any refrigerator or air conditioner flows continuously through the vapor compression cycle, absorbing the heat in the evaporator and releasing it in the condenser. Most of the refrigerants that are to be compared against one another in a simple coolant cycle are chosen from hydrocarbons in this study too. Categories and chemical properties of flammable refrigerants the molecular structure and reactivity of flammable gases are closely related to their explosion limits. This refrigerant was introduced commercially in the early 1960s for low temperature applications and is particularly suitable for hermetic compressors. The refrigerants have a thermodynamic property charge. Refrigerants and vars refrigerants and their properties the working agent in a refrigerating system that absorbs carries or releases heat from the place to be cooled or refrigerated can be termed as a refrigerant. Refrigerants are widely used in refrigeration cycle where cooling effect below the atmospheric temperatures are needed. Effects of refrigerant properties on refrigerant performance citeseerx. Secondary refrigerants allow the amounts of environmentally harmful primary refrigerants to be minimized and contained in a restricted area.
Even though their high rate of flammability prevents them from being used commonly, the propanebutane and propaneisobutene mixtures are good alternatives to r12 in housetype coolers. The refrigerant in a mechanical compression system absorbs andchange state 2. Small appliances such as household refrigerators and freezers now primarily usehfc r4a 7. Usually, a fluid, used in a heat pump and refrigeration cycle that can extract heat from another body or substance. Refrigerant tables and charts top results of your surfing refrigerant tables and charts start download portable document format pdf and ebooks electronic books free online rating news 20162017 is books that can provide inspiration, insight, knowledge to the reader. Freon refrigerants r11, r12 and r22, plus ammonia and water, will be discussed in terms of the above categories.
Chapter 6 introduction to refrigerants flashcards quizlet. Refrigerants thermodynamic, physical, chemical, safe ty related and environmental properties have been presented and discussed in the first part of the. Ebook refrigerant tables and charts as pdf download. Login federation of environmental trade associations. Fellow ashrae mcquay international staunton, virginia usa 1 what is a refrigerant.
Following the discovery that some of these chemical compounds may be harmful to the environment, they are being replaced with more environmentally friendly alternatives see figure 5. Air conditioning and refrigeration applications at domestic, industrial and commercial levels are becoming an essential part of present day living. In most cycles it undergoes phase transitions from a liquid to a gas and back again. The aim of the study were threefold, to identify the hfo substances used as refrigerants and their related emissions, and discuss the atmospheric dispersion, degradation and subsequent deposition of the degradation products. It is intended for use by persons having technical skill, at their own risk. Thermodynamic properties of duponttm freonr 22 refrigerant author. All operating information is contained in the pdf brochure. An introduction to a2l refrigerants and their use in refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump applications. This heat transfer generally takes place through a phase change of the refrigerant. Chemical refrigerants are assigned an r number which is determined systematically according. Influence of those properties, which is of the utmost significance on.
Guiding you through todays and tomorrows refrigerants and technologies, with emphasis on global warming potential, energy consumption. Ecofriendly refrigerants as substitutes for hfc4a a. New refrigerants research into their thermodynamic. Properties of refrigerants n low boiling point and high latent heat of vaporization n dense vapor n low toxicity n. R4a is a common refrigerant used in residential refrigerators around the world, and in automobiles. The present tables and charts of important properties of refrigerants and also psychrometrics have been. Write the chemical formula of a refrigerant from its number. Considering the first set of refrigerants r4a, r410a and r407c while second set include the refrigerants of r717, r404a and r290. Properties of refrigerant, oil and their mixture request pdf.
The most common hfc refrigerants available since the ban on hcfcs are presented in table 5. Apr 12, 2020 refrigerants are widely used in refrigeration cycle where cooling effect below the atmospheric temperatures are needed. Request pdf properties of refrigerant, oil and their mixture in most vapourcompression refrigeration systems, a certain amount of lubricant oil is used to lubricate moving parts. Refrigeration relates to the cooling of air or liquids, thus providing lower.
Thermodynamic properties of duponttm freonr 22 refrigerant. Hence, new synthetic ester lubricants were developed for this application. They are therefore subject to the same legal regulations as r22 see page 8. An understanding of the pressuretemperature relationship of refrigerants as theypass through the refrigeration compression cycle also will help you as you study this chapter on refrigerant tables.
Freon refrigerant for more information on freon refrigerants, visit the information set forth herein is furnished free of charge and based on technical data that chemours believes to be reliable. Influence of those properties, which is of the utmost significance on the vapor compression process effi. Pdf refrigerant types, issues, trends and future options. Refrigerants release heatby condensing from a vapor to a liquid 5. It has long been used in a variety of airconditioning and refrigeration applications in a variety of markets. R22 chc1f425 and r11 cc1435f are colorless, nonexplosive, nonpoisonous refrigerants with many properties similar to those of r12. R22 light green r4a light sky blue r404a orange the name label of the gases are given on the cylinder.
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